为探明高寒高海拔地区公路沿线设施污水处理系统的差异化失效机理，构建适配区域环境的分类治理技术体系，以青海省81处公路沿线污水处理设施为研究对象，采用现场调研、水质监测与问卷统计相结合的方法，系统分析了服务区、停车区等社会服务类设施（A类）和养护工区、收费站等管理设施（B类）的水量水质特征、工艺运行现状及差异化技术需求。研究表明，A类设施水量大、波动强、污染物浓度高，设施失效主要由设备老化和低温冻损引发；B类设施水量极小且稳定，其主要失效模式为设计规模冗余，由此导致热量散失增加、低温抑制加剧，单位运行成本成倍增加。水温定量分析结果显示，低温对系统脱氮效能制约显著，反硝化过程是低温条件下的主要效能瓶颈。基于两类设施的差异化失效机理，从管理维度提出设施分类治理、区域化专业运维等建议，从技术维度提出提升低温适应性、优化高海拔设备选型参数、推广低水量设施移动式处理模式等建议，可为高寒高海拔地区公路沿线设施污水处理系统的升级改造与运维管理提供理论支撑和实践参考。

To investigate the differentiated failure mechanisms of highway roadside facility sewage treatment systems in high-cold and high-altitude areas, and to construct a classification-based management technology system adapted to regional environments, 81 highway roadside sewage treatment facilities in Qinghai Province were selected as the research subjects. A combination of field surveys, water quality monitoring, and questionnaire statistics was used to systematically analyze the water quantity and quality characteristics, current process operation status, and differentiated technical requirements of service areas, parking areas and other social service facilities (Type A) and maintenance work areas, toll stations and other management facilities (Type B). The study shows that Type A facilities have large water volumes, strong fluctuations, and high pollutant concentrations, with facility failures mainly caused by equipment aging and low-temperature frost damage. Type B facilities have extremely small and stable water volumes, with the main failure mode being overcapacity design, which leads to increased heat loss, enhanced low-temperature inhibition, and severalfold higher per-unit operating costs. Quantitative analysis of water temperature indicates that low temperatures significantly limit system nitrogen removal efficiency, with the denitrification process being the main performance bottleneck under low-temperature conditions. Based on the differentiated failure mechanisms of the two types of facilities, management-oriented suggestions include classified facility management and regional specialized operation and maintenance, while technical-oriented suggestions include improving low-temperature adaptability, optimizing high-altitude equipment selection parameters, and promoting mobile treatment modes for low-water-volume facilities. These provide theoretical support and practical reference for the upgrading and operation management of roadside sewage treatment systems in high-cold and high-altitude regions.