与西方发达国家相比，当前我国私人小客车合乘在居民出行中的比例不高、发展不充分。除文化因素外，公众及各参与方对合乘权责的认识不清、法律风险较高也是制约这一出行方式发展的主要因素之一。为了促进和鼓励私人小客车合乘健康发展，进一步明确参与各方的权利和义务，从法律角度分析了私人小客车合乘参与主体的权责。首先，回顾了国内外合乘的历史沿革并分析其发展现状，找出存在的问题及成因。然后，对私人小客车合乘参与主体的关系进行梳理，建立了由司机、乘客、平台、保险公司和行业管理部门等多方构成的关系架构。在解析相关法理和法律法规条款的基础上，通过对比分析合乘与网约车的特征，进一步明确了合乘参与各方的定位和法律权责。最后，从健全管理体制机制、宣传引导和鼓励技术应用等三个方面提出建议，期望以此促进各方正确认识合乘行为中的法律风险和自身权益。

Compared with developed countries, at present, the proportion of private carpooling sharing in residents′ travel in China is not high and its development is not sufficient. In addition to cultural factors, the unclear understanding of the public and participants on the rights and responsibilities of carpooling and the high legal risk are also the main factors restricting the development of carpooling. In order to promote and encourage the healthy development of private carpooling and further clarify the rights and obligations of all participants involved, this paper analyzes the rights and responsibilities of participants from legal perspective. Firstly, it reviews the historical evolution of carpooling at home and abroad, analyzes its development status, and finds out the problems and causes. Then, it arranges the relationship between the participants of private carpooling, and establishes a multi-party relationship structure involving drivers, passengers, platforms, insurance companies and industry management departments. Based on the analysis of relevant legal principles, laws and regulations, through the comparison analysis of the characteristics of carpooling and online car-hailing, this paper further defines the positioning and legal rights and responsibilities of all parties involved in carpooling. Finally, it puts forward suggestions from three aspects: improving management system and mechanism, publicity and guidance, and encouraging technology application. It is expected to promote all parties to correctly understand the legal risks and their own rights and interests.